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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
In addition to learner-internal factors, CLKs' awareness of the need to be pragmatic and the relationship advantages they were able to draw from were important. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both cited their local professor relationships as a major reason for them to choose to avoid criticising a strict professor (see the example 2).
This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the practical important topics such as:
Discourse Construction Tests
The test for discourse completion is a common instrument in pragmatic research. It has many strengths but it also has its disadvantages. The DCT for instance, does not take into account individual and cultural variations. Furthermore it is also the case that the DCT is prone to bias and can cause overgeneralizations. As a result, it must be carefully analyzed before using it for research or for assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a useful tool for investigating the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. Its ability to manipulate social variables that affect politeness in two or more steps could be a benefit. This ability can be used to study the effect of prosody across cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, the DCT is now one of the most significant tools to analyze learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to study various aspects such as the manner of speaking, turn taking and lexical choices. It can also be used to assess the phonological difficulty of learners their speech.
A recent study used an DCT to assess EFL students' refusal skills. The participants were given various scenarios and asked to select an appropriate response from the choices provided. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing that included a questionnaire as well as video recordings. However, the researchers cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and include other methods for collecting data.
DCTs are often created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, like the content and the form. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test designers. They may not be accurate and may misrepresent the way ELF learners respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue calls for further investigation into alternative methods of measuring refusal competence.
In a recent research study, DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared to those from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCT promoted more direct and conventionally indirect request forms, and a lesser use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study looked at Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It employed various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate proficiency who gave responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also asked to reflect on their evaluation and refusal performance in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean pragmatism norms. Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their current lives, as well as their relationships. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
The MQ data was first analyzed to identify the participants' choices in practice. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 추천 - writes in the official Google blog - the responses were compared with their linguistic performance in the DCTs to determine whether they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. Interviewees also had to explain why they chose an atypical behavior in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analysed using descriptive statistics and Z tests. It was found that the CLKs often resorted to the use of euphemistic phrases such as "sorry" and "thank you." This is likely due to their lack of experience with the target language, which led to a lack of knowledge of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences for converging to L1 norms or dissociating from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. In Situations 3 and 12, CLKs preferred diverging from both L1- and L2-pragmatic norms, while in Situation 14 CLKs favored convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs revealed that CLKs were aware of their practical resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one basis in the space of two days of the participants completing the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribing, and then coded by two coders from different companies. The coding process was an iterative process in which the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of the coding process were evaluated against the original RI transcripts, which provided an indication of how the RIs captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.
Refusal Interviews
One of the most important questions in pragmatic research is why learners decide to rescind pragmatic norms that native speakers use. Recent research sought to answer this question by using various experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants comprised 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. The participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. They were then invited to an RI where they were asked to reflect and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that CLKs, on average, did not adhere to the norms of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even though they could create native-like patterns. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their actions to learner-internal aspects such as their identities, personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing life histories. They also referred to external factors, such as relationships and affordances. They outlined, for instance how their relations with their professors enabled them to function more easily in terms of the linguistic and cultural standards of their university.
The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures or penalties they could be subject to when their social norms were violated. They were worried that their native friends would perceive them as "foreigners" and believe that they are incompetent. This is similar to that expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the preferred norm for Korean learners. They could remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the validity of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will help them better understand how different cultural environments could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also help educators improve their methods of teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risks consultancy.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigative technique that employs participant-centered, in-depth investigations to investigate a particular subject. This method utilizes multiple data sources like interviews, observations and documents to confirm its findings. This type of investigation is ideal for studying unique or complex subjects which are difficult to assess with other methods.
The first step in a case study is to clearly define the subject and the goals of the study. This will help you determine which aspects of the topic should be studied and which aspects can be left out. It is also helpful to study the literature to gain a better understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation within a larger theoretical framework.
This study was based on an open source platform such as the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study showed that L2 Korean students were particularly susceptible to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices which were literal interpretations. This was a deviance from accurate pragmatic inference. They also showed an inclination to include their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, further reducing their response quality.
Moreover, the participants of this study were L2 Korean learners who had achieved level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at their second or third year at university and were hoping to achieve level 6 for their next test. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and their knowledge of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two scenarios that involved interaction with their interlocutors and 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 asked to select one of the strategies below to use when making a demand. They were then asked to provide the reasons behind their decision. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personalities. For instance, TS claimed that she was hard to get close to, and therefore refused to ask about the well-being of her friend with the burden of a job despite her belief that native Koreans would ask.
